I think the Bosch bit clearly shows it's not an accidental outcome. At some level VW knew, and chose to bury. That's on VW.

Half a million in the US, another 10 million or so in Europe. It's messy. Paris seems concerned, anyway...

One report I saw (can't find link; sorry) suggests some car companies build engines that perform well under "lab" conditions, but when you floor it, they suck - and emit.

-jk